Consumption of Fortified Wheat Flour and Associations with Anemia and Low Serum Ferritin in Colombia / Consumo de harina de trigo fortificada en Colombia y su asociación con anemia y ferritina sérica baja

Background: Colombia's mandatory wheat flour fortification program has yet to be evaluated. Objective: Examine associations between consumption of fortified wheat flour and low serum fer¬ritin (LSF) and anemia prevalence. Materials and Methods: A secondary analysis of the 2005 national nutrition survey (ENSIN) was completed for 3988 children 2-4 y, 5669 children 5-12 y and 2053 nonpregnant women 13-49 y. The relationship between consumption (quartiles) of wheat flour containing food (WFCF) and LSF and anemia was examined using chi-square analyses and logistic regression models. Results: In adjusted models, controlling for socio-economic status, intake of animal-origin foods, and supplement use in the last 24 hours, a correlation was found between WFCF and anemia in the preschool aged group, when comparing the quartile of highest WFCF consumption with the lowest quartile (OR: 0.7, 95 % CI: 0.6-0.9). The prevalence of LSF was similar across all quartiles of WFCF consumption in all age groups. The highest prevalence of anemia was observed in the lowest WFCF consumption quartiles in all age groups, but was not significantly different in non-pregnant women 13-49 y. No association between WFCF and LSF was observed in adjusted or unadjusted models. Conclusions: In Colombia, consumption of wheat flour containing foods is associated with lower levels of anemia in pre-school aged children.

Antecedentes: la fortificación obligatoria de harina de trigo en Colombia no se ha evaluado. Objetivo: examinar las asociaciones entre el consumo de harina y ferritina sérica baja (BSF) y la prevalencia de anemia. Materiales y métodos: se completó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional de 2005 (ENSIN) para 3988 niños de 2-4 años, 5669 escolares de 5-12 años y 2053 mujeres no embarazadas de 13-49 años. Se examinó la relación entre el consumo (cuartiles) de alimentos que contenían harina (ACHT) y la BSF y la anemia mediante análisis de ji al cuadrado y modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: en modelos ajustados, controlando por el estado socioeconómico, alimentos de origen animal y la ingesta de suplementos en las 24 horas anteriores, existía relación entre ACHT y la anemia en los preescolares, al comparar el cuartil más alto del consumo de ACHT con el cuartil más bajo (OR: 0,7; IC 95 %: 0,6-0,9). No se observó asociación entre ACHT y BFS en modelos ajustados. Conclusiones: en Colombia, el consumo de alimentos que contienen harina de trigo se asocia con niveles más bajos de anemia en preescolares.

Experiencias globales de la fortificación de la harina con ácido fólico para disminuir los defectos del tubo neural / Global experiences with folic acid fortification of flour to reduce neural tube defects

Los defectos del tubo neural son defectos congénitos del cerebro y la médula espinal que pueden provocar discapacidad permanente o muerte en los bebés afectados. Se estima que globalmente hay 320.000 defectos del tubo neural cada año. De estos, aproximadamente tres cuartos se pueden prevenir si la mujer tiene un buen estado de folato en el periodo alrededor de la concepción. La fortificación masiva de alimentos aporta ácido fólico a la dieta de mujeres en el periodo peri-concepcional. De los 81 países que requieren la fortificación de harina de trigo o maíz, 77 obligan la adición de ácido fólico. Se ha documentado en varios países que la fortificación obligatoria y masiva de harina con ácido fólico aumenta niveles séricos de folatos y reduce defectos del tubo neural. Una meta-análisis ha estimado en 46% la reducción promedio en defectos del tubo neural a raíz de la fortificación masiva de harina con ácido fólico. La espina bífida es uno de los defectos del tubo neural que se puede prevenir con ácido fólico; el costo:beneficio de prevenir la espina bífida es favorable y se ha estimado entre 1:12 y 1:48. A pesar de estos éxitos, se estima que solamente 15% de los defectos del tubo neural que se pudieran prevenir con ácido fólico se están previniendo con fortificación masiva de harina. Existen lineamientos y experiencias globales para guiar aquellos países interesados en fortificar la harina con ácido fólico para reducir defectos del tubo neural(AU)

Neural tube defects are congenital anomalies of the brain and spine that can lead to permanent disability or death in affected babies. There are an estimated 320,000 neural tube defects annually throughout the world. Of these, approximately three-fourths are preventable if women have sufficient folate status in the peri-conceptional period. Mass food fortification contributes folic acid to women's diets in the peri-conceptional period. Of 81 countries that mandate wheat flour or maize flour fortification, 77 require the addition of folic acid. It has been documented in several countries that mandatory mass fortification of flour with folic acid increases blood folate levels and reduces neural tube defects. A metaanalysis estimated a 46% average reduction in neural tube defects due to folic-acid fortification of flour. The cost:benefit ratio of preventing spina bifida, a type of neural tube defect that can be prevented with folic acid, is favorable and estimated to be between 1:12 and 1:48. Despite these successes, it is estimated that only 15% of those neural tube defects that can be prevented by folic acid are being prevented through mass fortification of flour. There are international guidelines and experiences that interested countries can draw upon to fortify flour with folic acid to reduce neural tube defects(AU)

Analyzing the Association between Flour Fortification and World-Wide Anemia Prevalence.

Objectives: The effectiveness of flour fortification in reducing anemia prevalence is equivocal. The goal of this study was to utilize existing data to assess whether anemia in non-pregnant women was reduced after countries began fortifying wheat flour, alone or in combination with maize flour, with at least iron, folic acid, vitamin A, or vitamin B12. Methods: Nationally representative anemia data were identified through DHS reports, the WHOVMNIS database, and other national-level nutrition surveys. Countries with at least 2 anemia surveys were considered for inclusion. Within countries, surveys were excluded if data were not available for non-pregnant women, if altitude was not consistently adjusted for, or if both the site (e.g., capillary or venous) and method (e.g., HemoCue or Cyanmethaemoglobin) of blood draw differed. Anemia prevalence was modeled for countries that had pre-and post-fortification data (n=12) and for countries that never fortified flour (n=20) using logistic regression models that controlled for time effects, human development index (HDI), and endemic malaria. Results: Adjusting for HDI and malaria, each year of flour fortification was associated with decreased anemia prevalence by 2.5% (PR=0.975, 95%CI: 0.974, 0.976). Among countries that never fortified, no reduction in anemia prevalence over time was observed (PR=0.999, 95%CI: 0.997, 1.002). In both models, HDI and malaria were significantly associated with anemia (p<0.001). Conclusions: Evidence from national-level surveys suggests that after controlling for time effects, HDI, and endemic malaria, anemia prevalence has decreased significantly in countries that fortify flour with micronutrients, while remaining unchanged in countries that do not.

Evidence of Effectiveness of Flour Fortification on Iron Status and Anemia: A Literature Review.

Objectives: The effectiveness of wheat- and maize-flour fortification for improving iron status and anemia in real-world situations has not been documented. The objective was to review published and grey literature on the public-health impact of flour fortification. Methods: A systematic literature review was undertaken, including a search of 17 databases and an e-mail appeal for unpublished reports. Two researchers reviewed 1881 documents. Only studies on government-supported, large-scale fortification programs with anemia or iron outcomes measured prior to and > 12 months after initiation of fortification were included. Results: Twelve studies describing 25 sub-groups (n=13 for children < 15 years, n=12 for women of reproductive age (WRA)) were analyzed. Eight studies used a pre-post design, 4 included a control population, and none adjusted for possible confounding factors. From the pre- to the postfortification periods (and as difference-in-difference for those that included a control group), hemoglobin increased significantly in 4 of 11 studies with children and 5/11 studies with WRA; hemoglobin decreased significantly in 1/11 studies with children and 2/11 with WRA. Anemia prevalence decreased significantly in 4/8 studies with children and 3/10 studies with WRA; anemia prevalence increased significantly in 1/8 studies with children and 2/3 studies with WRA. The prevalence of low serum ferritin statistically decreased in 1/6 studies with children and 3/3 studies with WRA.Conclusions: Available studies confirm that large-scale fortification can positively impact iron and anemia status in children and women of reproductive age; however there is not enough evidence yet to understand under what conditions such impact is greatest.

Monitoring of Flour Fortification Programs: Case Studies in Three Countries.

Objectives: Although monitoring should be an integral part of any fortification program, little is publicly known about the design, implementation, and results of flour fortification monitoring systems. The objectives are to assess the monitoring systems in three countries including the strengths and weaknesses of each system, how weaknesses are addressed, and lessons learned. Methods: South Africa, Indonesia, and Chile were selected using predetermined criteria (e.g., mandatory fortification legislation, represent different world regions, importation of flour, and existence of a functioning flour fortification monitoring system). Eight categories of regulatory and household/individual monitoring were assessed. Results: The monitoring systems for each country had different strengths and weaknesses. Overall, strengths included having a structured plan for at least some aspects of monitoring, an adequate number of trained inspectors, and the ability to modify regulations and protocols. Monitoring weaknesses included an insufficient multiple agency approach with poor communications within and between organizations, absent commercial monitoring, and lack of laboratory resources and funds. None of the countries had a cohesive monitoring program with regular collection of regulatory and household/individual monitoring information. Conclusions: A functioning flour fortification program depends on having an effective monitoring system in place. Critical to a successful monitoring system was the planning, budget, human resources, and political will necessary to implement monitoring and review monitoring data on a regular basis.

The Contribution of Wheat Flour Fortification to Reducing Anemia in Indonesia.

Objectives: Mandatory wheat flour fortification with iron, zinc, thiamine, riboflavin, and folic acid became effective in Indonesia in 2002. There are no evaluations of its effectiveness on reducing anemia. This study estimated the contribution of fortified wheat flour to changes in hemoglobin concentration and anemia prevalence from the period before to after the introduction of mandatory fortification. Methods: The Indonesian Family Life Survey is a longitudinal study that followed over 30,000 Indonesians. Data from 6,488 non-pregnant women of child-bearing age with hemoglobin measurements in 1997, 2000, and 2007 were analyzed. Anemia prevalence was calculated, adjusting for smoking status and altitude. Households were categorized by their food purchases. Logistic regression was used to predict the effect of covariates on anemia status, while linear regression was used for hemoglobin concentration. Results: Mean hemoglobin significantly increased (p<0.0001) and anemia prevalence significantly decreased (p<0.0001) from the pre-fortification period during 1997-2000 (12.35 g/dL & 34.0%) to the post-fortification period in 2007 (12.67 g/dL & 25.1%). The proportion of weekly household food expenditures spent on foods containing heme iron and flour remained constant from 1997 to 2007. The percentage of household-purchased foods containing heme iron and flour, only heme iron, only flour, or neither in the past week was not significantly associated with hemoglobin concentration or anemia status. Conclusions: Wheat flour fortification does not appear to have significantly contributed to the reduction in anemia prevalence among women of child-bearing age in Indonesia. It is recommended that the fortification iron source be changed from electrolytic iron to a more bioavailable form.

Food Fortification in India: A Literature Review.

Objectives: The purpose of this review was to identify and analyze single or multiple micronutrient (MMN) food fortification studies for their efficacy and effectiveness in India. Methods: A comprehensive fortification search (n=10 databases) was completed, and retrieved citations were screened by two independent researchers. Data were abstracted from selected published documents to summarize intervention designs and results on human health indicators (biological markers, anthropometry, cognition, morbidity). Results: Forty-seven published studies conducted in 13 Indian states and comprised mainly of randomized controlled trials (n=26) were included for analysis. The food vehicles were cereals (e.g. wheat, rice, (n=6)), oils and salts (n=18), and other (e.g. beverages, school meals, (n=23)). Children ≤12 y were the main targeted population (n=36). Improvements in one or more biological markers were reported in 76.9% of all publications and in 91.3% reporting MMN fortification. Improvements in ≥1 iron biomarker were noted in all documents (n=9) using iron as the sole fortificant. Eight of 18 documents showed a positive impact of fortification on anthropometry, of which 7 fortified with MMNs. Improvements in cognitive domains were observed in 3 of 7 publications, all of which were MMNs. Morbidity symptoms improved in 1 of 9 publications. Conclusions: Food fortification research in India suggests it effectively improves biological markers of nutritional status, particularly when fortifying with MMNs or iron. MMN fortification consistently improved anthropometric but not cognitive outcomes. Fortification had limited impact on morbidity symptoms. Evidence of fortification effects on other functional outcomes is scarce.

The Prevalence of, and Factors Associated with Single and Multiple Deficiencies of Iron, Vitamin A and Zinc amongst Children Aged 12 – 35 Months in Colombia.

Objectives: Few national nutrition surveys have assessed the prevalence of single and multiple micronutrient deficiencies among young children, despite their potential negative impact on child health, growth and development. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiency among Colombian children aged 12 – 35 mo, and to explore associated socio-demographic factors. Methods: Data from the 2005 Colombian National Nutrition Survey (ENSIN) were used to investigate the prevalence of single and concurrent low biochemical status for iron (plasma ferritin <12.0 mg/L), zinc (serum zinc < 9.2 µmol/L), and vitamin A (serum retinol < 20 µg/dL) (n=2740). Logistic regression was performed to investigate socio-demographic factors associated with single and multiple micronutrient deficiencies. Results: The prevalence of single micronutrient deficiencies amongst 12 – 23 and 24 - 35 mo children, respectively, were 26.4% (95% CI 23.8%, 29.4%) and 16.7% (95% CI 14.4%, 19.1%) for low serum ferritin, 30.2% (95% CI 28.7%, 31.7%) and 24.6% (95% CI 23.2%, 26.0%) for low serum zinc and 6.7% (95% CI 5.9%, 7.5%) and 5.4% (95% CI 4.7%, 6.1%) for low serum retinol. Overall, 12.2% (95% CI 11.3%, 13.1%) of children aged 12 – 23 mo and 5.4% (95% CI 4.8%, 6.0%) of children aged 24 – 35 mo had 2 or more deficient biomarkers. Factors significantly associated with single or multiple deficiencies were age-group (12 – 23 mo > 24 - 35 mo) and region, with children in Atlántica being at highest risk. Conclusions: Future interventions should regionally target children aged 12 – 23 mo.

Infant and young child feeding in four departments in Haiti: mixed-method study on prevalence of recommended practices and related attitudes, beliefs, and other determinants / Alimentación de los lactantes y niños pequeños en cuatro departamentos de Haití: un estudio con diseño de método mixto sobre la prevalencia de las prácticas recomendadas y las actitudes, las creencias y otros determinantes relacionados

OBJECTIVE: To determine and describe the prevalence and patterns of three recommended practices for infant and young child feeding-exclusive breastfeeding (EB), continued breastfeeding (CB), and achievement of minimum dietary diversity-in four regions in Haiti, and to identify the attitudes and beliefs that inform these practices and any other factors that may facilitate or impede their implementation. METHODS: This study utilized a mixed-methods approach consisting of 1) a cross-sectional survey (n = 310) and 2) 12 focus group discussions among women ≥18 years old with children ≤ 2 years old. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with 1) EB during the first six months of life, 2) CB for children ≥ 2 years old, and 3) receipt of a diverse variety of complementary foods. Qualitative data were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for common themes. Data were collected in June and July 2013 in four departments in Haiti: Artibonite, Nippes, Ouest, and Sud-Est. RESULTS: Prevalence of EB, CB, and achievement of minimum dietary diversity was 57.0%, 11.9%, and 21.2% respectively. EB was statistically significantly associated with infant's age when controlling for annual household income, location of most recent birth, or receipt of CB counseling (odds ratio (OR) = 0.67 (95% CI: 0.47-0.97)). CB was not statistically significantly associated with rural place of residence, receipt of CB counseling, parity, or infant's age. Meeting minimum dietary diversity was not significantly associated with parity, receipt of postnatal care, rural place of residence, location of most recent birth, receipt of infant and young child feeding counseling, or level of schooling. Beliefs surrounding the relationship between the mother's health and her diet on the quality of breast milk may prohibit EB and CB. Qualitative data revealed that dietary diversity may be low because 1) mothers often struggle to introduce complementary foods and 2) those that are traditionally introduced are not varied and primarily consist of grains and starches. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of the three recommended infant and young child feeding practices examined in this study is suboptimal, particularly CB and achievement of minimum dietary diversity. Future communication and programming efforts should address the misunderstandings and concerns identified through the qualitative methods used in this research.

OBJETIVO: Determinar y describir la prevalencia y los modelos de tres prácticas recomendadas para la alimentación de los lactantes y los niños pequeños (la lactancia materna exclusiva [LME], la lactancia materna continuada [LMC] y el logro de una diversidad alimentaria mínima, en cuatro regiones de Haití, y determinar las actitudes y creencias en las que se basan estas prácticas y otros factores que puedan facilitar o impedir su implantación. MÉTODOS: Este estudio utilizó un diseño de método mixto que consistió en 1) una encuesta transversal (n = 310) y 2) 12 grupos de discusión formados por mujeres de ≥ 18 años de edad o mayores con niños de ≤ 2 años de edad o menores. Se llevaron a cabo análisis de regresión logística multivariable para determinar los factores asociados con 1) la LME durante los seis primeros meses de vida, 2) la LMC en niños de ≥ 2 años de edad o mayores, y 3) el aporte de una amplia variedad de alimentos complementarios. Se registraron, se transcribieron al pie de la letra y se analizaron los datos cualitativos referentes a temas comunes. Estos datos se recopilaron en junio y julio del 2013, en cuatro departamentos de Haití: Artibonite, Nippes, Oeste y Sudeste. RESULTADOS: Las prevalencias de la LME, la LMC y el logro de una diversidad alimentaria mínima fueron de 57,0, 11,9 y 21,2%, respectivamente. La LME se asoció de manera estadísticamente significativa con la edad del lactante si se controlaban las variables de ingresos familiares anuales, ubicación del parto más reciente, o provisión de orientación en materia de LMC (razón de posibilidades [OR] = 0,67 [IC de 95%:0.47-0.97]). La LMC no se asoció de una manera estadísticamente significativa con la residencia en un entorno rural, la provisión de orientación en materia de LMC, la paridad o la edad de lactante. El logro de una diversidad alimentaria mínima no se asoció significativamente con la paridad, la provisión de atención posnatal, la residencia en un entorno rural, la ubicación del parto más reciente, la provisión de orientación en materia de alimentación de los lactantes y los niños pequeños, o el nivel de escolarización. Las creencias con respecto a la relación entre la salud de la madre y su régimen alimentario con la calidad de la leche materna pueden limitar la LME y la LMC. Los datos cualitativos revelaron que la diversidad alimentaria puede ser escasa como consecuencia de que 1) las madres a menudo se esfuerzan por introducir los alimentos complementarios, y 2) los que se introducen tradicionalmente no son variados y consisten principalmente en cereales y féculas. CONCLUSIONES: Las prevalencias de las tres prácticas de alimentación de los lactantes y los niños pequeños recomendadas analizadas en este estudio son subóptimas, en particular las correspondientes a la LMC y al logro de una diversidad alimentaria mínima. Las futuras iniciativas de comunicación y programación deberían abordar los malentendidos y las inquietudes detectadas mediante los métodos cualitativos utilizados en esta investigación.

Avances en la fortificación de harina de trigo a nivel global / Advances in the fortification of wheat flour

: Por 90 años, alimentos han sido industrialmente fortificados (o enriquecidos) con vitaminas y minerales. Los granos básicos, específicamente la harina de trigo, la harina de maíz y el arroz, son aptos para la fortificación debido a su alta disponibilidad en la mayoría de países del mundo. El propósito de este artículo es revisar la evidencia del impacto en salud pública de la fortificación de granos básicos (con un enfoque en harina de trigo), describir los retos mundiales que enfrenta la fortificación y enlistar las herramientas que puedan ayudar con el diseño, el monitoreo y la evaluación de programas de fortificación de alimentos. Hay evidencia sólida y consistente que la fortificación con ácido fólico aumenta el folato sérico y reduce defectos del tubo neural, además de que la fortificación con hierro aumenta la ferritina sérica. Sin embargo, para la hemoglobina, los resultados son contradictorios: algunos estudios reportan un aumento, otros una disminución y otros ningún cambio en hemoglobina después de fortificar los granos básicos con diferentes nutrientes. Los dos retos principales de la fortificación mundial es que varios países se podrían beneficiar de la fortificación de granos cereales, sin embargo, no implementan esta intervención de salud pública. Además, son pocos los países que de manera consistente reportan los resultados de monitoreo y evaluación de sus programas de fortificación. Para abordar estos retos, hay varias herramientas disponibles o en desarrollo que guían el diseño, el monitoreo y la evaluación de programas de fortificación de alimentos(AU)

Food has been industrially fortified (or enriched) with vitamins and minerals for 90 years. Cereal grains, specifically wheat flour, maize flour and rice, are good vehicles for fortification because they are available in large amounts in most countries around the world. The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence for the public-health impact of fortification, describe challenges to worldwide fortification, and list tools that are available to aid in the design, monitoring and evaluation of food-fortification programs. There is strong and consistent evidence that folic-acid fortification of cereal grains improves serum folate and reduces neural tube defects, and that iron-fortification increases serum ferritin levels. The results for hemoglobin are equivocal: some studies report increases, others decreases, and others no change in hemoglobin after cereal-grain fortification commenced with several nutrients. The two main challenges to worldwide fortification are that many countries that could benefit from cereal-grain fortification do not undertake this public-health intervention, and that few countries consistently report monitoring or evaluation data that suggests they are keeping track of the implementation of fortification. Finally, to overcome these challenges, many tools are available or under development to help with the design, monitoring and evaluation of food-fortification programs(AU)

Factores asociados con la seguridad alimentaria en un Municipio Rural del norte del Cauca, Colombia

La seguridad alimentaria (SA) es el acceso suficiente a alimentos inocuos y nutritivos para satisfacer las necesidades alimentarias y preferencias personales, y llevar una vida sana y activa. En el presente estudio se determinó la seguridad alimentaria de 302 familias de escolares de un municipio rural del departamento de Cauca, Colombia; y los factores asociados a la misma. Los hogares seleccionados hacían parte de un proyecto de impacto nutricional de maíz con mayores nutrientes realizado en esta zona. En estos hogares se aplicó una escala de SA compuesta por 12 ítems y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Los hogares se clasificaron con seguridad e inseguridad alimentaria leve, moderada y severa. El 44,37% de los hogares se encontró en SA y el 55,63% con inseguridad alimentaria (IA), (41,39% presentó inseguridad leve, 12,25% inseguridad moderada y 1,99% inseguridad severa). Las familias que se encontraron en IA tenían hogares en donde el número de personas que trabajaban es relativamente menor al número de personas que allí vivían, contaban con menos de 4 bienes o servicios y el (los) niño (s) tenían menos apetito en comparación con las familias que se encontraban con SA. En conclusión más de la mitad de las familias encuestadas se encontraron en IA y los factores que la influencian están asociados al ingreso familiar.

Factors associated with food security in a rural Municipality in northern Cauca, Colombia. Food security is sufficient access to safe and nutritious foods to satisfy nutritional needs and personal preferences, and to lead a healthy and active life. The current study evaluated food security in 302 families with school-age children living in a rural municipality in Cauca, Colombia, and factors associated with food security. Families were participating in an evaluation of the nutrition impact of an intervention with nutritionally improved maize. A12-item food security scale was applied to the household head, as well as a sociodemographic survey. Families were classified as food secure, or mildly, moderately or severely food insecure. Among households, 44,37% were classified as food secure and 55,63% as food insecure (with 41,39% as mildly insecure, 12,25% as moderately insecure and 1,99% as severely insecure). Food-insecure families had fewer persons working relative to the total individuals in the home, 4 or fewer services or assets, and children with a reduced appetite, in comparison with food-secure households. In conclusion, more than half of the sample was food insecure; the factors associated with food insecurity relate to family income.

Actividad antioxidante en guanábana (Annona muricata l): una revisión bibliográfica / Soursop (Annona muricata L) antioxidant activity: a literature review

An antioxidant is a compound capable of inhibiting molecular oxidation and therefore of protecting biological molecules from reactive oxygen species or free radicals. Antioxidants can be synthesized by the body or obtained from a diet containing fruit, such as soursop. The aim of this project was to review the literature on antioxidant activity of the soursop and compounds that might be responsible for this activity. From the analysis of fourteen studies, we found that in most cases soursop did not contain high activity or concentration of antioxidants in fresh or frozen pulp, in comparison with highly consumed fruits in Colombia. The leaves, as well as the juice and wine from the plant, do not contain high activity or concentration of antioxidants. In-depth characterization of antioxidant activity and compounds in soursop is lacking; additional studies are required to identify the mechanisms of action of the compounds present in the whole fruit (peel and seed) for different varieties of this tropical fruit.

Los compuestos antioxidantes están en la capacidad de inhibir la oxidación de moléculas y por lo tanto actuar como protectores de moléculas biológicas contra especies reactivas de oxígeno o radicales libres. Muchos antioxidantes pueden ser sintetizados en el cuerpo u obtenidos a partir de una dieta basada en frutas, como la guanábana. El propósito del presente trabajo fue revisar las principales investigaciones relacionadas con el estudio de la capacidad antioxidante de la guanábana y los compuestos presentes que le otorgan dicha propiedad. A partir del análisis de catorce investigaciones halladas sobre el tema, se encontró que en la mayoría de los casos la guanábana no contiene concentraciones elevadas de actividad o compuestos antioxidantes en su pulpa fresca o congelada comparada con frutos de mayor consumo en Colombia. Sus hojas, al igual que sus jugos y vinos, no contienen concentraciones elevadas de actividad o compuestos antioxidantes. Sin embargo, el tema de investigación de compuestos antioxidantes en guanábana se ha realizado con poca profundidad, hace falta estudios adicionales con métodos que logren la identificación de los mecanismos de acción de los compuestos presentes en el fruto completo (cáscara y semilla) de las diferentes variedades que se conocen de este fruto tropical.

Preferencia y aceptabilidad de la variedad de arroz IACuba 30 con alto contenido de hierro y zinc por mujeres gestantes en Cuba / Sensory evaluation of the high-iron and -zinc rice variety IACuba 30 among pregnant women in Cuba

Objetivo: al introducir un alimento al mercado o cambiar algún aspecto se requieren pruebas sensoriales para asegurar su aceptación por el grupo al cual va dirigido el alimento. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la preferencia y aceptabilidad de la variedad de arroz IACuba 30 con alto contenido de hierro y zinc por mujeres gestantes, empleando como testigo una variedad de arroz importada que se consume diariamente. Materiales y metódos: se realizó la evaluación de la aceptabilidad de las características organolépticas textura, olor, color y sabor del arroz IACuba 30 comparado con una variedad de consumo local, por 98 gestantes del municipio de Bauta la y aceptabilidad de las características organolépticas, mediante una escala hedónica de cuatro categorías, también se evaluó la preferencia entre estas dos variedades. Resultados: 73,5% de las gestantes participantes en la prueba prefirieron la variedad IACuba 30 frente al testigo (p<0,05). Así mismo, para las cuatro características organolépticas evaluadas (textura, olor, color y sabor), el número de madres que respondieron ''me gusta'' y ''me gusta mucho'' sumaron más de 80% en todos los casos, con diferencias estadísticas entre el valor observado con referencia al esperado (p<0,05). Conclusiones: la variedad IACuba 30 es una buena candidata para promover su consumo en la isla y contribuir con el manejo y prevención de anemia e incrementar el aporte de zinc.

Objective: prior to introducing a new food on the market or changing any aspect of a food, sensory tests with the target group for that food are important. The objective of this study was to test the acceptability and preference for the nutritionally enhanced rice variety IACuba 30, compared with an imported variety that is consumed daily by pregnant women. Materials and methods: the sensory tests were completed with 98 pregnant women in the Bauta municipality. Acceptability of texture, smell, color and taste were assessed for both rice varieties using a hedonic scale with four categories. The preference for one variety over the other was also assessed. Results: 73,5% of the women preferred IACuba 30 over the comparison rice (p<0,05). For the four organoleptic characteristics evaluated (texture, smell, color and taste), more than 80% of women responded ''I like'' and ''I like very much''; the observed values were statistically different from the expected values (p<0,05). Conclusions: results confirm that IACuba 30 is a good candidate to be grown and eaten as a greater nutritional source that can contribute to addressing the problem of anemia and increasing zinc intake on the Island.

Evaluación sensorial de arroz (Oryza sativa) variedad Azucena en la Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte en Nicaragua / Sensory evaluation of the Azucena rice (Oryza sativa) variety in Nicaragua's Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte

Objetivo: evaluar las características sensoriales de la variedad tradicional de arroz (Oryza sativa) Azucena, que por su mayor contenido de hierro y zinc podría beneficiar nutricionalmente a poblaciones vulnerables. Materiales y metódos: la evaluación sensorial del arroz Azucena versus una variedad de consumo local, se realizó en cinco comunidades de la Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte en Nicaragua, mediante la aplicación de dos pruebas a 203 consumidores: aceptabilidad y preferencia. Resultados: con respecto a la aceptabilidad (en una escala de uno a cuatro), Azucena alcanzó un promedio ± DE de 3,1±0,7 para textura, 3,1±0,8 para olor, 3,0±0,9 para sabor y 3,0±0,8 para color. Usando un análisis no paramétrico, se determinó que la aceptabilidad fue mayor (p<0,05) para el testigo en todas las cualidades evaluadas: 3,2±0,8 en textura, 3,2±0,7 en olor, 3,2±0,7 en sabor y 3,3±0,7 en color. La preferencia no fue estadísticamente mayor (56,4%) para el testigo (p=0,23). Conclusiones: el arroz variedad Azucena, por sus caracterÍsticas endógenas y desde el punto de vista sensorial, no tiene una gran aceptación en la población de estudio. Por lo tanto, en caso de lanzarse al comercio se recomiendan campañas estratégicas para promocionar su consumo.

Objective: evaluate the sensory characteristics of Azucena, a traditional landrace rice (Oryza sativa) with elevated iron and zinc levels which can nutritionally benefit vulnerable populations. Materials and methods: in five communities from Nicaragua’s Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte, Azucena was compared to a local rice variety using sensory evaluation methods. Two tests were applied to 203 household heads: acceptability and preference. Results: for acceptability (on a scale of 1 to 4), Azucena scored a mean ± DE of 3,1±0,7 for texture, 3,1±0,8 for smell, 3,0±0,9 for taste, and 3,0±0,8 for color. Using a non-parametric statistic, acceptability was deemed higher (p<0,05) for the local variety in all of the qualities assessed: 3,2±0,8 for texture, 3,2±0,7 for smell, 3,2±0,7 for taste, and 3,3±0,7 for color. Fifty six percent of consumers preferred the local variety over Azucena; this was not statistically different from the expected 50% (p=0,23). Conclusions: due to its inherent qualities and sensory properties, Azucena was not accepted by the study population. Therefore, if Azucena is to be commercially released in Nicaragua, strategic campaigns are recommended to promote its consumption.

Evaluación agronómica y sensorial de fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) mejorado nutricionalmente en el norte del departamento del Cesar, Colombia / Agronomic and sensory evaluation of nutritionally improved beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in northern Cesar department, Colombia

Objetivo: evaluar las características agronómicas y sensoriales de varios genotipos de fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) biofortificado, con respecto a un tradicional, para seleccionar el de mejores posibilidades de adopción. Materiales y metódos: el estudio se desarrolló en el Cesar (Colombia) y comprendió tres fases: 1) evaluación de la aceptación de semillas de 35 líneas de fríjol biofortificado por 331 productores y consumidores, 2) evaluación agronómica y nutricional, de las nueve líneas mejor calificadas y 3) evaluación sensorial por 273 personas comparativamente con un testigo regional. A los cuatro genotipos con mejores resultados agronómicos y nutricionales se les aplicaron pruebas de aceptabilidad, al mejor valorado, además pruebas de preferencia y discriminación triangular. Resultados: los de mejor aceptación por tipo de semilla fueron dos genotipos de cada color: negro, crema, rojo y rosado moteado. Los cuatro con mejor rendimiento, sanidad, contenidos de hierro y zinc incluyeron un genotipo de cada color; frente a un patrón local no presentaron diferencias de aceptabilidad por olor, color y sabor (p>0,05), pero si por textura y consistencia (p<0,05) a favor de los biofortificados, sobresaliendo el negro. Con este último y el patrón local se preparó una receta, los evaluadores discriminaron entre los dos y hubo diferencias en la aceptabilidad de algunas características sensoriales, a favor del biofortificado. Conclusiones: los genotipos de fríjol biofortificado presentaron mejor rendimiento, sanidad, contenidos de hierro y zinc que el patrón local, los cuatro mejor valorados presentaron algunas diferencias sensoriales frente al testigo, a favor de los biofortificados, sobresaliendo el genotipo negro.

Objective: agronomic and sensory evaluation of nutritionally enhanced beans and a traditional bean was completed to determine the genotype most likely to be adopted. Materials and methods: the study was completed in Cesar (Colombia), and comprised three phases: 1) evaluation of the acceptance of 35 biofortified bean seeds by 331 bean producers and consumers, 2) agronomic and nutritional evaluation of the eight highest rated beans, and 3) sensorial evaluation by 273 persons in comparison with a regional bean. The four genotypes with the best agronomic and nutritional results were evaluated with acceptability tests, and for the best rated, preference tests and triangular discrimination were also applied. Results: the most accepted seeds were two each of the following colors: black, cream, red and pink striped. The four best beans with respect to yield, food safety, and iron and zinc contents included a genotype of each color. Compared with a local bean, the four had the same acceptability scores for smell, color and taste (p> 0.05), and different scores for texture and consistency (p <0.05), favoring the biofortified beans, and the black line in particular. With the black bean and a local bean, a recipe was prepared. Evaluators discriminated between the two beans and there were differences in the acceptability of certain sensory characteristics in favor of the biofortified line. Conclusions: biofortified bean genotypes showed better yield, food safety, and iron and zinc content than the local bean. The four best presented some sensorial differences compared to the control, in favor of the biofortified bean, and specifically the black genotype.

Aceptación de tres líneas de fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) mejorado nutricionalmente por los consumidores nicaragüenses / Acceptance of three nutritionally improved bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) lines by Nicaraguan consumers

Objetivo: el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal determinar el nivel de aceptabilidad y preferencia de tres líneas de fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) mejorados nutricionalmente: (A) 187 SDCF 15488, (B) 194 SDCF 15488, (C) MIB 395 y (D) una variedad testigo INTA Rojo mediante la metodología de evaluación sensorial. Materiales y metódos: el estudio fue desarrollado en dos departamentos del norte de Nicaragua con 76 agricultores que siembran y consumen fríjol en su dieta habitual. Se utilizaron diferentes pruebas de evaluación sensorial: aceptabilidad (general y por atributo) y de categoría de preferencia. Resultados: no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el puntaje asignado a la aceptabilidad general y a los atributos olor, color, sabor y textura (p>0,05). Para preferencia, no se encontró una diferencia en el porcentaje de personas que preferían cada una de las 4 muestras. Conclusiones: al no haber diferencia de aceptabilidad ni preferencia entre las líneas evaluadas, se esperaría llevar un fríjol con mejores características nutricionales a poblaciones rurales nicaragüenses, por lo que se recomienda que estos agricultores conozcan el comportamiento agronómico y productivo de estas líneas.

Objective: using sensory evaluation methods, assess acceptability and preference with respect to three nutritionally improved bean lines (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): (A) 187 SDCF 15488, (B) 194 SDCF 15488 and (C) MIB 395, as well as a local check, (D) INTA Rojo. Materials and methods: seventy six farmers, who grow and consume beans, from two departments in northern Nicaragua, participated. Two sensory evaluation methods were applied: acceptability (overall and by attribute) and preference. Results: there were no statistically significant differences in the scores assigned to overall acceptability or the smell, color, taste and texture attributes (p>0,05). For preference, there was no difference in the percentage of persons who preferred each of the four beans. Conclusions: among four beans, there was no difference in farmers´ acceptability or preference, suggesting that nutritionally improved beans can be delivered to rural Nicaraguans; farmers in these regions should be informed of the agronomic characteristics of these beans.

Evaluación sensorial de tortas de camote (Ipomoea batatas), elaboradas con o sin hojas de camote, con niños en edad escolar en Nicaragua / Sensory evaluation among Nicaraguan school-age children of a sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) snack prepared with and without sweet potato leaves

Objetivo: realizar una evaluación sensorial del camote (Ipomoea batatas), con pulpa anaranjada (CPA) clon 440189. Materiales y metódos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tortas de camote con una muestra de conveniencia de 290 escolares nicaragüenses de tercero a sexto grado. A la torta A se le adicionaron hojas de camote, siendo la torta B la formulación tradicional. En una primera etapa, 33 madres de familia dieron su opinión sobre las tortas. Luego, los niños las evaluaron mediante una escala hedónica de cinco puntos en la que 1 corresponde a ''no me gusta nada'' y 5 a ''me gusta mucho'' y expresaron su preferencia. Resultados: la mayoría de las madres aprobaron las recetas y calificaron positivamente su facilidad de preparación, el tiempo requerido, la accesibilidad de los ingredientes, la probabilidad de aceptación en los niños y la posibilidad de incluirlas en el menú escolar. El puntaje de aceptabilidad asignado por los niños para las tortas fue alto (con un promedio ± DE de 4,5 ± 0,7) y similar entre ellas (p=0,91). El 51% prefirió la torta A y el 49% la torta B (p=0,56). Conclusiones: ambas tortas son aceptadas sensorialmente por las madres y los niños, es factible la inclusión del CPA 440189 en recetas alimentarias del escolar nicaragüense.

Objective: acomplete a sensory evaluation of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) clone 440189. Materials and methods: a descriptive study was undertaken with a convenience sample of 290 Nicaraguan school-age children attending grades 3 to 6, who taste-tested a ''sweet potato cake'' recipe. Snack A had sweet potato leaves added to it; snack B did not. First, 33 mothers opined about the snacks. Then, children tested snacks A and B, assigning a value of 1 to 5 (from ''I don´t like it very much'' to ''I like it very much'') to each and indicating which snack they preferred. Results: most of the women gave a positive evaluation to the snacks in terms of ease of preparation, time required, access to ingredients, probability that the children would accept them, and possibility of including them in the school menu. Acceptability scores assigned by the children were high (mean ± SD of 4,5 + 0,7) and similar between the snacks (p=0,91). Fifty one percent preferred snack A and 49% preferred snack B (p=0,56). Conclusions: both snacks were accepted by the mothers and children suggesting that it is feasible to include OFSP clone 440189 into Nicaraguan school children´s meals.

Validación de una metodología analítica para la cuantificación de glucósidos cianogénicos en productos comerciales de yuca / Validation of an analytical methodology to quantify cyanogenic glucosides in commercial cassava products

En este trabajo se valida un método espectrofotométrico para la determinación de glucósidos cianogénicos (CGs) de acuerdo a los requerimientos de IUPAC y ICH para nuevos métodos. El método demuestra una buena linealidad en el rango de 0,1-0,88 μgg-1 de ácido cianhídrico (HCN). La exactitud del método está entre 95,2 y 96,4%. La precisión del método reflejada como la desviación estándar relativa de los replicados es menor al 12%. El método se compara con el método más usado para la detección de CGs en raíces de yuca, el método de Essers et al. Ambos métodos se usan en la cuantificación de CGs en productos comerciales de yuca. El nuevo método es una herramienta útil y confiable para monitorear los niveles de CGs en productos comerciales de yuca.

Evaluación de la composición nutricional, antinutricional y biodisponibilidad in vitro de diferentes extractos foliares / Evaluation of the nutritional and antinutritional composition and in vitro bioavailability of foliar extracts

Foliar extracts (FEs) are an alternative to address food and nutrition insecurity. FEs and leaves of cassava, bean, sweet potato and alfalfa were evaluated for nutrient and antinutrient composition and in vitro nutrient bioavailability. Bean FE had a high average ± (SD) iron concentration (1006 ± 8.49 mg/kg), as did cassava FE for zinc (110.1 ± 6.72 mg/kg) and soluble protein (34.23 ± 3.81 g/kg) concentration. For the cassava, bean and alfalfa FEs in vitro protein digestibility was greater than 71.18 percent; in vitro iron dialyzability was less than 2.29 percent; the phytate:zinc molar ratio was less than 0.08, and the in vitro all-trans-β-carotene bioavailability was greater than 23.85 percent. These values suggest a high protein, zinc and all-trans- β -carotene bioavailability and a low iron bioavailability. FEs can be a nutritious alternative for those countries with low dietary diversity.

Los extractos foliares (EF) son utilizados como complemento nutricional en países como Nicaragua y Tanzania. Se evaluaron hojas y EF de yuca, fríjol, batata y alfalfa, y se cuantificó los componentes nutricionales, antinutricionales y biodisponibilidad por métodos in vitro. En promedio (DE), el EF de fríjol tiene una elevada concentración de hierro (1006,23 (8,49) mg/kg); el EF de yuca tiene alta concentración de zinc (110,65 (6,72) mg/ kg) y proteína soluble (34,23 (3,81) g/kg). Así mismo, la digestibilidad in vitro de proteína en los EFs de yuca, fríjol y alfalfa fueron superiores a 71,18 por ciento; hierro dializable in vitro menor a 2,29 por ciento; la relación molar fitato:zinc inferior a 0,08 y la bioaccesibilidad all-trans-β -caroteno superior a 23,85 por ciento. Estos valores sugieren una alta asimilación de proteína, zinc y all-trans-β -caroteno, y una baja asimilabilidad de hierro. Los EFs pueden ser una alternativa nutricional en la alimentación en países que carecen de diversificación alimentaria.